A.A. Isimbaeva1, S.V. Zinchenko2, N.A. Shakhnazarov3, R.K. Kumisbekova1, B.T. Zhusupova1, B.A. Musabekov1
1Multi-profile Medical Center, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
2Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan
3Hospital of the Kazakhstan President’s office, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
Isimbaeva A.A. – oncologist of the Chemotherapy Department
17 Manas St., Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan, e-mail: aselisimbaeva@yandex.ru, ORCID ID: 0009-0000-8305-2268
Abstract. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and biologically heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer with a low expression of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. The review examines the current understanding of the TNBC molecular features, including Lehmann and Burstein’s classification, which identifies biologically substantiated subtypes of the disease that differ in prognosis and sensitivity to therapy. The data from leading clinical trials (GeparSixto, KEYNOTE-522, ASCENT, OlympiAD, etc.) were summarized, which have shown the effectiveness of modern approaches – chemotherapy, immunotherapy (PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors), targeted therapy (PARP inhibitors, VEGF), and antibody-drug conjugates.
The purpose is to present current understanding of the biological and clinical features of triple negative breast cancer, to evaluate its molecular heterogeneity, therapeutic options for antitumor therapy, and to present the latest advances in treatment.
Material and methods. Literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Elibrary, Cochrane Library, and NCBI databases, by keywords: triple negative breast cancer, biological types of breast cancer, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted breast cancer therapy, included in the title. Articles from 2010 to 2025 were included: meta-analyses, clinical studies, and systematic reviews. Article types included systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials. In total, we found more than 50 sources devoted to the antitumor therapy of triple negative breast cancer. The data from 31 articles were used in writing the review.
Key words: triple negative breast cancer, molecular classification, pembrolizumab, PARP inhibitors, sacituzumab govitecan, immunotherapy, personalized treatment.